Serveur d'exploration sur le peuplier

Attention, ce site est en cours de développement !
Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts.
Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.

In situ measurements of viscoelastic properties of biomass during hydrothermal treatment to assess the kinetics of chemical alterations.

Identifieur interne : 000321 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000320; suivant : 000322

In situ measurements of viscoelastic properties of biomass during hydrothermal treatment to assess the kinetics of chemical alterations.

Auteurs : Julia Parlatore Lancha [France] ; Julien Colin [France] ; Giana Almeida [France] ; Patrick Perré [France]

Source :

RBID : pubmed:32712513

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

This work aimed to use continuous measurements of viscoelastic properties to evaluate the effect of hydrothermal treatment on poplar samples. Different conditions (temperature and pre-soaking liquid: acidic, neutral and alkaline) were tested on wood in both tangential and radial directions. Two viscoelastic properties were determined: the modulus of elasticity and the stress relaxation. The applicability of these properties as indicators of the kinetics of biomass deconstruction was also evaluated, thanks to the chemical analyses performed on the treated solid and the recovered liquid phase. The ultimate goal is to build a macroscopic indicator capable of establishing rules to optimize the hydrothermal treatment before the explosion stage. The joint use of the two parameters succeeded in revealing the effects of chemical degradation, including the coexistence of cleavage and re-condensation and the impact of process conditions (temperature, residence time, and pre-soaking liquid). The monotonous behavior of stress relaxation is a major asset as a possible macroscopic indicator of biomass deconstruction.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123819
PubMed: 32712513


Affiliations:


Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)


Le document en format XML

<record>
<TEI>
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title xml:lang="en">In situ measurements of viscoelastic properties of biomass during hydrothermal treatment to assess the kinetics of chemical alterations.</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lancha, Julia Parlatore" sort="Lancha, Julia Parlatore" uniqKey="Lancha J" first="Julia Parlatore" last="Lancha">Julia Parlatore Lancha</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle, France. Electronic address: julia.parlatore-lancha@centralesupelec.fr.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Champagne-Ardenne</region>
<settlement type="city">Pomacle</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Colin, Julien" sort="Colin, Julien" uniqKey="Colin J" first="Julien" last="Colin">Julien Colin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Gif-sur-Yvette</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Almeida, Giana" sort="Almeida, Giana" uniqKey="Almeida G" first="Giana" last="Almeida">Giana Almeida</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, 91300 Massy, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, 91300 Massy</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Massy</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perre, Patrick" sort="Perre, Patrick" uniqKey="Perre P" first="Patrick" last="Perré">Patrick Perré</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Gif-sur-Yvette</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<date when="2020">2020</date>
<idno type="RBID">pubmed:32712513</idno>
<idno type="pmid">32712513</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123819</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000173</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000173</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000173</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000173</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000173</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<title xml:lang="en">In situ measurements of viscoelastic properties of biomass during hydrothermal treatment to assess the kinetics of chemical alterations.</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lancha, Julia Parlatore" sort="Lancha, Julia Parlatore" uniqKey="Lancha J" first="Julia Parlatore" last="Lancha">Julia Parlatore Lancha</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle, France. Electronic address: julia.parlatore-lancha@centralesupelec.fr.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Champagne-Ardenne</region>
<settlement type="city">Pomacle</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Colin, Julien" sort="Colin, Julien" uniqKey="Colin J" first="Julien" last="Colin">Julien Colin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Gif-sur-Yvette</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Almeida, Giana" sort="Almeida, Giana" uniqKey="Almeida G" first="Giana" last="Almeida">Giana Almeida</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, 91300 Massy, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, 91300 Massy</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Massy</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perre, Patrick" sort="Perre, Patrick" uniqKey="Perre P" first="Patrick" last="Perré">Patrick Perré</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Gif-sur-Yvette</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">Bioresource technology</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1873-2976</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2020" type="published">2020</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass>
<keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en">
<term>Biomass (MeSH)</term>
<term>Elasticity (MeSH)</term>
<term>Kinetics (MeSH)</term>
<term>Temperature (MeSH)</term>
<term>Wood (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Biomasse (MeSH)</term>
<term>Bois (MeSH)</term>
<term>Cinétique (MeSH)</term>
<term>Température (MeSH)</term>
<term>Élasticité (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en">
<term>Biomass</term>
<term>Elasticity</term>
<term>Kinetics</term>
<term>Temperature</term>
<term>Wood</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Biomasse</term>
<term>Bois</term>
<term>Cinétique</term>
<term>Température</term>
<term>Élasticité</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">This work aimed to use continuous measurements of viscoelastic properties to evaluate the effect of hydrothermal treatment on poplar samples. Different conditions (temperature and pre-soaking liquid: acidic, neutral and alkaline) were tested on wood in both tangential and radial directions. Two viscoelastic properties were determined: the modulus of elasticity and the stress relaxation. The applicability of these properties as indicators of the kinetics of biomass deconstruction was also evaluated, thanks to the chemical analyses performed on the treated solid and the recovered liquid phase. The ultimate goal is to build a macroscopic indicator capable of establishing rules to optimize the hydrothermal treatment before the explosion stage. The joint use of the two parameters succeeded in revealing the effects of chemical degradation, including the coexistence of cleavage and re-condensation and the impact of process conditions (temperature, residence time, and pre-soaking liquid). The monotonous behavior of stress relaxation is a major asset as a possible macroscopic indicator of biomass deconstruction.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed>
<MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" IndexingMethod="Automated" Owner="NLM">
<PMID Version="1">32712513</PMID>
<DateCompleted>
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>08</Month>
<Day>19</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised>
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>08</Month>
<Day>19</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print-Electronic">
<Journal>
<ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1873-2976</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet">
<Volume>315</Volume>
<PubDate>
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>Nov</Month>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Bioresource technology</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Bioresour Technol</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>In situ measurements of viscoelastic properties of biomass during hydrothermal treatment to assess the kinetics of chemical alterations.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination>
<MedlinePgn>123819</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0960-8524(20)31091-9</ELocationID>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123819</ELocationID>
<Abstract>
<AbstractText>This work aimed to use continuous measurements of viscoelastic properties to evaluate the effect of hydrothermal treatment on poplar samples. Different conditions (temperature and pre-soaking liquid: acidic, neutral and alkaline) were tested on wood in both tangential and radial directions. Two viscoelastic properties were determined: the modulus of elasticity and the stress relaxation. The applicability of these properties as indicators of the kinetics of biomass deconstruction was also evaluated, thanks to the chemical analyses performed on the treated solid and the recovered liquid phase. The ultimate goal is to build a macroscopic indicator capable of establishing rules to optimize the hydrothermal treatment before the explosion stage. The joint use of the two parameters succeeded in revealing the effects of chemical degradation, including the coexistence of cleavage and re-condensation and the impact of process conditions (temperature, residence time, and pre-soaking liquid). The monotonous behavior of stress relaxation is a major asset as a possible macroscopic indicator of biomass deconstruction.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y">
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Lancha</LastName>
<ForeName>Julia Parlatore</ForeName>
<Initials>JP</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle, France. Electronic address: julia.parlatore-lancha@centralesupelec.fr.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Colin</LastName>
<ForeName>Julien</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Almeida</LastName>
<ForeName>Giana</ForeName>
<Initials>G</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, 91300 Massy, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Perré</LastName>
<ForeName>Patrick</ForeName>
<Initials>P</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<Language>eng</Language>
<PublicationTypeList>
<PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType>
</PublicationTypeList>
<ArticleDate DateType="Electronic">
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
<Day>19</Day>
</ArticleDate>
</Article>
<MedlineJournalInfo>
<Country>England</Country>
<MedlineTA>Bioresour Technol</MedlineTA>
<NlmUniqueID>9889523</NlmUniqueID>
<ISSNLinking>0960-8524</ISSNLinking>
</MedlineJournalInfo>
<CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
<MeshHeadingList>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D018533" MajorTopicYN="N">Biomass</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D004548" MajorTopicYN="N">Elasticity</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D007700" MajorTopicYN="N">Kinetics</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D013696" MajorTopicYN="N">Temperature</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D014934" MajorTopicYN="Y">Wood</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
</MeshHeadingList>
<KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM">
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Acidic</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Alkaline</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Lignocellulosic biomass</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Modulus of elasticity</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Poplar</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Steam explosion</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Viscoelasticity</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
<CoiStatement>Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.</CoiStatement>
</MedlineCitation>
<PubmedData>
<History>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received">
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>04</Month>
<Day>22</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised">
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
<Day>05</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted">
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
<Day>06</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed">
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>7</Month>
<Day>28</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline">
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>8</Month>
<Day>20</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez">
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>7</Month>
<Day>27</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
</History>
<PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus>
<ArticleIdList>
<ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32712513</ArticleId>
<ArticleId IdType="pii">S0960-8524(20)31091-9</ArticleId>
<ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123819</ArticleId>
</ArticleIdList>
</PubmedData>
</pubmed>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>France</li>
</country>
<region>
<li>Champagne-Ardenne</li>
<li>Grand Est</li>
<li>Île-de-France</li>
</region>
<settlement>
<li>Gif-sur-Yvette</li>
<li>Massy</li>
<li>Pomacle</li>
</settlement>
</list>
<tree>
<country name="France">
<region name="Grand Est">
<name sortKey="Lancha, Julia Parlatore" sort="Lancha, Julia Parlatore" uniqKey="Lancha J" first="Julia Parlatore" last="Lancha">Julia Parlatore Lancha</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Almeida, Giana" sort="Almeida, Giana" uniqKey="Almeida G" first="Giana" last="Almeida">Giana Almeida</name>
<name sortKey="Colin, Julien" sort="Colin, Julien" uniqKey="Colin J" first="Julien" last="Colin">Julien Colin</name>
<name sortKey="Perre, Patrick" sort="Perre, Patrick" uniqKey="Perre P" first="Patrick" last="Perré">Patrick Perré</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Bois/explor/PoplarV1/Data/Main/Exploration
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000321 | SxmlIndent | more

Ou

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 000321 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Bois
   |area=    PoplarV1
   |flux=    Main
   |étape=   Exploration
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     pubmed:32712513
   |texte=   In situ measurements of viscoelastic properties of biomass during hydrothermal treatment to assess the kinetics of chemical alterations.
}}

Pour générer des pages wiki

HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/RBID.i   -Sk "pubmed:32712513" \
       | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd   \
       | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a PoplarV1 

Wicri

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.37.
Data generation: Wed Nov 18 12:07:19 2020. Site generation: Wed Nov 18 12:16:31 2020